Evidence of sociality in European small Carpenter bees (Ceratina)

Natural history of facultative social taxa is important for understanding the evolution Eusociality. However, data status many species are missing. Social seven European Ceratina bees was studied in Cyprus. Multifemale nests were found five three different subgenera: C. (Euceratina) mandibularis, (E.) cypriaca, chrysomalla, (Dalyatina) parvula and (Neoceratina) bispinosa. No dallatoreana (N.) schwarzi, which sample size also small. We compared nest productivity between solitary multifemale parvula. It apparent that have a higher number brood cells than nests. Per capita equal both types. can conclude sociality common subtropical climate nesting successful strategy.